The combination of si alleles and sp alleles is thought to cause most of the range of white markings found in dogs. However, See the Phaeomelanin Dilution page for more information. Sometimes white can occur on dogs separately to the S locus white spotting. Residual White and White Trim How these puppies could be regularly born to parents with much more colour perplexed Boxer breeders for Note that not all Ssp dogs show much white, or in some cases any white at all. The Husky has Split Faces and White Heads Harlequin in Great Danes is another example of an embryonic lethal in dogs, although caused by a different gene to panda. Recently a rare mutation has been found in another gene known as KIT, and this causes the white markings on "panda" German Shepherd Dogs. So called "panda" German Shepherd Dogs, like the one pictured, have been found to have a completely different white mutation to normal dogs with this pattern. In the first 15 years of pedigreed German Shepherd Dog breeding more than half the registered dogs had litters with white puppies. The Shiba has a dudley nose, often associated with recessive red. Interestingly, mutations in MITF have no link to skin colour in humans but do cause eye and sight issues. This gene causes white markings in a number of mammals and is often associated with blue eyes and deafness. Due to incomplete dominance, one copy of the piebald allele results in a dog with minor white markings (often called the "trim" pattern), and two copies causes piebald or extreme white. roughly half the amount of white as an spsp dog. Residual White and White Trim For example, a black dog with tan points will have black/grey ticking where it would have been black, and red/tan ticking where the points would have been. but which is it? English Bulldog and Staffordshire Bull Terrier. No time to read the whole thing? The main way to tell a dog with extreme white spotting apart from a dog with phaeomelanin dilution is "Panda" is a dominant mutation, and like many white patterns caused by the KIT gene in other species, it is an embryonic lethal, which means that when an embryo has two copies of the gene it will be reabsorbed into the womb. This Staffordshire Bull Terrier is a possible piebald heterozygote (i.e. Spread of White to look at the pigment on the nose, lips and eyerims. KIT is an extremely important gene and plays a role in stem cells and in the digestive tract, and some mutations in this gene (not those associated with white markings!) we would expect most examples of the breed to have sisi on the S locus. we would expect most examples of the breed to have sisi on the S locus. Dog Coat Color Piebald, Parti or Random White Spotting. Menu. be inherited completely separately. White spotting genes are "incomplete dominant," which means an Ssp dog would be in-between normal piebald and normal solid (it would probably look like an irish-marked dog). of the German Spitz, Samoyed and Shiba, and the jet black lip and eye rim pigment on all of them. See the Merle page for more information. A de novo mutation in KIT causes white spotting in a subpopulation of German Shepherd dogs: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134432 actual white spotting as well - note the irregular pattern on the chest and the thin blaze on the muzzle. Another observation is that many panda Shepherds have split faces and very few seem to have the neat blazes often associated with true irish spotting or the piebald gene. However, we can now provide an answer to this. See the Merle page for more information. the puppies may be solid, piebald or inbetween. MITF and White Spotting in Dogs: A Population Study: http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/100/suppl_1/S66.full First photo provided by Tina West, second by Dee Allison A split face is when half of the face is white and the other half is coloured. (Horand photo left provided by Ruut Tilstra of the International White Shepherd Federation10.). A dog with extreme white spotting is likely to be missing some pigment in these areas, so The pattern produced by double merle is strikingly similar to a homozygous piebald, although it can sometimes be less regular and extreme split faces going all the way down the muzzle are very common (as on the second dog). A very wide range of patterns is caused by sp. "Panda" Shepherds When two pseudo-irish dogs are bred together It could be a brindle dog with a white chest mark. This gene causes white markings in a number of mammals and is often associated with blue eyes and deafness. Most white spotting on dogs is determined by the genes on the S locus. Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 The combination of si alleles and sp alleles is thought to cause most of the range of white markings found in dogs. However, sometimes Boxer puppies are born which It can be easy to mistake diluted points on a domino or black-and-tan dog for white markings, but points will generally be in a very regular and symmetrical pattern. This irish spotted merle Sheltie has a large amount of white and may be a piebald carrier. Get Accurate Results, Fast. White can also occur due to dilution of phaeomelanin by the I locus. "False" Whites Both the Poodle (as shown here) and the Shar Pei, traditionally solid-coloured breeds, occasionally produce piebald (known as "flowered" in Shar Pei). Spotted Weimaraner: KIT Gene Strikes Again: http://colorgenetics.info/canine/spotted-weimaraner-kit-gene-strikes-again#sthash.XjGhqSlH.dpbs The harlequin gene also causes a similar effect. However, we can now provide an answer to this. Boxers generally come in what appears to be the irish spotting pattern, so Most mutations in KIT causing white markings have no associated health problems when heterozygous, but are embryonic lethals when homozygous. of their tan points to white, most likely to due the Northern domino (Ed) gene. Many genes impact the color of a dog by manipulating these two basic pigments. but which is it? In dogs, KIT mutations have so far been confirmed in "panda" German Shepherds and in Weimaraners, but are not thought to be widespread. but which is it? A dog with extreme white spotting is likely to be missing some pigment in these areas, so In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. No mutations in this gene have been found in dogs, however in horses EDNRB causes "lethal whites" (overo lethal white syndrome), where homozygous foals do not have a fully functioning digestive system and die soon after birth. Horand and Luchs then would have had either a Em/e - aw/aw or E/e - aw/aw "hidden white" genotype. English Bulldog and Staffordshire Bull Terrier. See the Merle page for more information. None of these breeds regularly come in piebald or extreme white and their white markings breed true (implying they are homozygotes). Here's the quick version! Quick Summary! Small body An additional allele Em at the MC1R (E) locus was historically thought to modify pigment production over the face area to create the "melanistic" eumelanin black face mask color pattern common in many breeds, including the standard color Pomeranian breed. of the German Spitz, Samoyed and Shiba, and the jet black lip and eye rim pigment on all of them. George Horowitz, renowned English Judge, German Shepherd (Alsatian) columnist, author and historian documents the background of Hektor Linksrhein (a.k.a. produce any black pigment) with dilution of their red pigment to white, resulting in a solid white dog with black nose pigment. Ssp. The main way to tell a dog with extreme white spotting apart from a dog with phaeomelanin dilution is In addition to sp, there is another allele known as si (irish spotting), which is most likely located on a different locus. Exclusion of EDNRB and KIT as the basis for white spotting in Border Collies: http://genomebiology.com/content/1/2/RESEARCH0004 Extreme white can occasionally cause problems when it removes large amounts of pigment from the face and ears. where pigment is not produced. In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. These two Dachshunds look just like piebalds, but they're actually double merles and most likely don't have any S-locus white markings at all. Note that not all Ssp dogs show much white, or in some cases any white at all. So far all extreme white dogs that have undergone genetic testing have been shown to be homozygous for the piebald gene (spsp), just like the piebalds The link between MITF and eye colour and hearing in dogs seems to be weaker than in some other species, although many high-white breeds such as Bull Terriers and Dalmatians do suffer from high rates of deafness. The main way to tell a dog with extreme white spotting apart from a dog with phaeomelanin dilution is legs is very uneven, or they have piebald patches in unexpected places, like on the neck or chest. Little's 1957-era tyrosinase malfunction dilution or partial albinism explanation of the C locus ce, ca and cch alleles, as applied to explain domestic dog white and cream coat colors, therefore, can be replaced by the findings of modern genetic research. This means that two irish spotted dogs bred together will produce puppies with irish spotting, and the white will not increase. All are "false" whites except for one, which is an extreme white piebald. KIT is responsible for "black-eyed white" phenotypes in many species, and has no association with either blue eyes or deafness. However, these mutations are very rare and the German Shepherd seems to be the only breed where a KIT mutation has become established. Spotted Weimaraner: KIT Gene Strikes Again: http://colorgenetics.info/canine/spotted-weimaraner-kit-gene-strikes-again#sthash.XjGhqSlH.dpbs All Samoyed, American Eskimo Dogs, and West Highland White Terriers are white. In addition to sp, there is another allele known as si (irish spotting), which is most likely located on a different locus. "Panda" is a dominant mutation, and like many white patterns caused by the KIT gene in other species, it is an embryonic lethal, which means that when an embryo has two copies of the gene it will be reabsorbed into the womb. The MC1R recessive e allele has been found in several dog breeds1, 3: Afghan, Akita*, American Eskimo Dog***, Australian Cattle Dog, Australian Shepherd, Beagle, Border Collie, Brittany Spaniel, Cardigan Welsh Corgi*, Caucasian Mountain Dog*, Chinese Shar-Pei*, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Dalmatian, Doberman Pinscher, English Cocker Spaniel, English Setter, English Springer Spaniel, Field Spaniel, Flat-Coated Retriever, Foxhound, French Bulldog, German Longhaired Pointer, German Shepherd Dog*, German Shorthaired Pointer, German Wirehaired Pointer, Golden/Yellow Labrador Retriever**, Great Pyrenees*, Irish Setter, Lowchen, Miniature Schnauzer*, Pointer, Pomeranian, Poodle*, Pudelpointer, Puli*, Samoyed***, West Highland White Terrier***. Spotted Weimaraner: KIT Gene Strikes Again: http://colorgenetics.info/canine/spotted-weimaraner-kit-gene-strikes-again#sthash.XjGhqSlH.dpbs So called "panda" German Shepherd Dogs, like the one pictured, have been found to have a completely different white mutation to normal dogs with this pattern. type of dilution, so they appear completely white but in fact it's not due to white spotting. or indicate the presence of the piebald gene without genetic testing or test breeding, as piebald heterozygotes may have anything from a tiny chest spot to pseudo-irish markings (see below). Small body White patterns in dogs does not have a uniform genetic basis. No mutations in this gene have been found in dogs, however in horses EDNRB causes "lethal whites" (overo lethal white syndrome), where homozygous foals do not have a fully functioning digestive system and die soon after birth. The pattern produced by double merle is strikingly similar to a homozygous piebald, although it can sometimes be less regular and extreme split faces going all the way down the muzzle are very common (as on the second dog). They are recessive red (so they cannot Great Dogs Start with Great Genetics™ Test your dog for a single disease or a panel of genetic diseases known to affect your breed. Due to incomplete dominance, one copy of the piebald allele results in a dog with minor white markings (often called the "trim" pattern), and two copies causes piebald or extreme white. They are recessive red (so they cannot We can't know for sure, but this is the most likely explanation for its white chest patch as the Staffie Heterozygous dogs have no known health problems linked to the gene, however. Next it spreads round from the front to the back of the neck, and creeps up the legs and tail. merle will almost always have more white than its parents, and will often appear to have the piebald or extreme white pattern when in fact it does not Sometimes the nose is pink or partly pink, and the eyes may be blue in some breeds due to lack of pigment. However, no evidence has yet been found for the existence of sw, on the S locus at least. The pattern produced by double merle is strikingly similar to a homozygous piebald, although it can sometimes be less regular and extreme split faces going all the way down the muzzle are very common (as on the second dog). A dog with one copy will have a white trim and a dog with two copies will have full irish spotting (white neck/collar, face, chest, legs and tail tip). of their tan points to white, most likely to due the Northern domino (Ed) gene. In technical terms this is A Simple Repeat Polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter Is a Key Regulator of White Spotting in Dogs: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104363 No mutations in this gene have been found in dogs, however in horses EDNRB causes "lethal whites" (overo lethal white syndrome), where homozygous foals do not have a fully functioning digestive system and die soon after birth. The gene causing the majority of white markings in dogs is known as MITF (Microphtalmia-Associated Transcription Factor). However, we can now provide an answer to this. Piebald carriers are often referred to as "white-factored" and are generally identified by having white extending further up the hind legs (onto the knees). They are recessive red (so they cannot problem is deafness (due to lack of pigment in certain parts of the inner ear, which prevents it from functioning properly), but dogs with exposed unpigmented (pink) skin are also more prone to skin cancer than those with more pigment. When two pseudo-irish dogs are bred together breed is known to commonly have the piebald gene. an irish spotted dog will produce a heterozygous dog with less white (a white trim, as shown in the section above). White Boxers Ticking and Roan She has pink around her eyes, ears, muzzle and underside (a sign of lack of pigment, associated with extreme whites) and a few dark spots on her ears. Finally, a "flashy" irish spotted dog (one with more white than usual) may be caused by a combination of si and sp. *  “Der Deutsche Schaferhund In Wort Und Bild" ("The German Shepherd Dog in Words and Picture") written by the recognized father of the breed, Rittmeister (Cavalry Captain) Max von Stephanitz, in 1921 included a photo of Berno von der Seewiese, a White German Shepherd directly descended from Horand. on the body. problem is deafness (due to lack of pigment in certain parts of the inner ear, which prevents it from functioning properly), but dogs with exposed unpigmented (pink) skin are also more prone to skin cancer than those with more pigment. Of course this means that technically, white doesn't spread at all - it's actually the colour that spreads. From the first direct ancestors of the German Shepherd Dog forward to modern German Shepherds, the MC1R recessive allele for white colored coats has been carried in the DNA of some portion of the breed. The goal here is not to get into a thorough discussion of genetics. such as the Newfoundland you would get such a dog from crossing a "Landseer" (piebald, spsp) with a solid (SS). produce any black pigment) with dilution of their red pigment to white, resulting in a solid white dog with black nose pigment. A split face is when half of the face is white and the other half is coloured. These dogs do not breed true and when two are crossed When we use the term "white spotting" we simply mean Boxers with no piebald allele can still have residual white on the extremities, and pseudo-irish dogs can have anything from a very small amount of white to full irish markings, which can sometimes make it difficult to distinguish a piebald carrier from a non-carrier. It can be easy to mistake diluted points on a domino or black-and-tan dog for white markings, but points will generally be in a very regular and symmetrical pattern. Sometimes white can occur on dogs separately to the S locus white spotting. These two dogs (a Siberian Husky and a Finnish Lapphund) are genetically black and tan (atat), but with dilution She has pink around her eyes, ears, muzzle and underside (a sign of lack of pigment, associated with extreme whites) and a few dark spots on her ears. patches may be present too. All the other dogs are recessive reds (ee) or clear sables with phaeomelanin dilution. ** - e/e genotype breed tested at University of Saskatchewan where some dogs presented cream color coats and other dogs presented yellow color coats. The other main gene causing white spotting in other species is EDNRB (Endothelin Receptor Type B). If you look closely, you can see that the cheeks are an "off-white" colour, not bright white like the collar. Note the slight cream sheen on the coat in the section above. Some panda Shepherds have blue eyes, however this is not linked to the KIT gene. The gene causing the majority of white markings in dogs is known as MITF (Microphtalmia-Associated Transcription Factor). However, in breeds carrying piebald there is no real way to know whether minimal white markings are just residual white A very small amount of white on the chest, toes or tail may occur when the pigment doesn't migrate fully as the embryo develops. So far all extreme white dogs that have undergone genetic testing have been shown to be homozygous for the piebald gene (spsp), just like the piebalds Science, Tech, Math Ssp. its most dominant gene, but may also be affected by the more recessive one to a lesser extent. This irish spotted merle Sheltie has a large amount of white and may be a piebald carrier. KIT is an extremely important gene and plays a role in stem cells and in the digestive tract, and some mutations in this gene (not those associated with white markings!) can dilute it to cream, ivory or sometimes even white. KIT is responsible for "black-eyed white" phenotypes in many species, and has no association with either blue eyes or deafness. to look at the pigment on the nose, lips and eyerims. coat is created by very heavy roaning, including the tan points. If a true irish spotted dog Any where the dog is white could have hidden color, remember white takes out the color that would normally be there. Note that not all Ssp dogs show much white, or in some cases any white at all. This has been shown to occur in Shelties, where dogs carrying the sp allele as well as irish spotting can usually be identified by having more KIT is responsible for "black-eyed white" phenotypes in many species, and has no association with either blue eyes or deafness. If your dog is cream, white, apricot or red with a brown nose, your dog's genotype is bbee. we would expect most examples of the breed to have sisi on the S locus. "Panda" is a dominant mutation, and like many white patterns caused by the KIT gene in other species, it is an embryonic lethal, which means that when an embryo has two copies of the gene it will be reabsorbed into the womb. the puppies may be solid, piebald or inbetween. Because piebald is a recessive gene and heterozygotes (piebald carriers) don't always have any white markings, it can remain hidden and the Staffie, you'd be right. No time to read the whole thing? This dog has the white collar associated with irish spotting, but also the symmetrical cheeks associated with urajiro. But it is not entirely recessive; a single white factor will cause variable amounts of white spotting on the dog's body. How these puppies could be regularly born to parents with much more colour perplexed Boxer breeders for See the Phaeomelanin Dilution page for more information. . colour as they grow), it's just to show which areas remain coloured on dogs with more and more white. Small body A third allele may exist for "extreme white" (sw), however this has not been proven and so far all dogs with high white have been Split and completely white faces are particularly common in the bull-type breeds, e.g. as residual white and can sometimes be caused by minor illness in the mother or in the embryo, or may have no obvious cause at all. In other species, some white markings are also caused by the KIT gene. Both the Poodle (as shown here) and the Shar Pei, traditionally solid-coloured breeds, occasionally produce piebald (known as "flowered" in Shar Pei). we would expect most examples of the breed to have sisi on the S locus. The three breeds above (Staffie, Podengo Portugueso and English Pointer) all carry piebald but are not known to carry irish spotting, so these dogs are most likely pseudo-irish. There is thought to be a separate gene or modifier that causes some dogs with the irish spotting, piebald or trim pattern to have a split or completely white face, even if there's very little other white on the dog. The early 20th century German Shepherd breeding program extensively line bred and inbred color coat dogs that carried Greiff's recessive gene for white coats, to refine and expand the population of early German Shepherd Dogs. If you guessed On a piebald dog, only the head, back and tail base may still Art More about my artwork. Some panda Shepherds have blue eyes, however this is not linked to the KIT gene. Split Faces and White Heads However, no evidence has yet been found for the existence of sw, on the S locus at least. A very wide range of patterns is caused by sp. If you look closely, you can see that the cheeks are an "off-white" colour, not bright white like the collar. No time to read the whole thing? of the German Spitz, Samoyed and Shiba, and the jet black lip and eye rim pigment on all of them. Most mutations in KIT causing white markings have no associated health problems when heterozygous, but are embryonic lethals when homozygous. The Shiba has a dudley nose, often associated with recessive red. A Simple Repeat Polymorphism in the MITF-M Promoter Is a Key Regulator of White Spotting in Dogs: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0104363 as residual white and can sometimes be caused by minor illness in the mother or in the embryo, or may have no obvious cause at all. If so, grandsire Greif then, likely carried an e/e - aw/aw genotype and Horand and Luchs inherited the E and/or Em alleles from their sable/wolf colored parents. These two Dachshunds look just like piebalds, but they're actually double merles and most likely don't have any S-locus white markings at all. Locus (C), commonly referred to as the albino and paling gene, was historically used to explain the cream and white coat color variants of many species. The gene causing the majority of white markings in dogs is known as MITF (Microphtalmia-Associated Transcription Factor). The incomplete dominance of S means that an Ssp dog may show up to Many dogs with this pattern have a full white neck ring and a blaze. (Photo right is a young bitch from a 1906 German newsletter publication, author unknown - photo provided by Ruut Tilstra of the International White Shepherd Federation10.). on the body. merle will almost always have more white than its parents, and will often appear to have the piebald or extreme white pattern when in fact it does not Due to incomplete dominance, one copy of the piebald allele results in a dog with minor white markings (often called the "trim" pattern), and two copies causes piebald or extreme white. A very wide range of patterns is caused by sp. The most common A de novo mutation in KIT causes white spotting in a subpopulation of German Shepherd dogs: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23134432 There is thought to be a separate gene or modifier that causes some dogs with the irish spotting, piebald or trim pattern to have a split or completely white face, even if there's very little other white on the dog. carrier of the piebald allele). If you look closely, you can see that the cheeks are an "off-white" colour, not bright white like the collar. A number of human diseases are also associated with EDNRB. They are recessive red (so they cannot see the Nose Colours page). Piebald carriers are often referred to as "white-factored" and are generally identified by having white extending further up the hind legs (onto the knees).

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